The generalized Clapeyron equation and its application to confined ice growth

Most theoretical descriptions of stresses induced by freezing are rooted in the (generalized) Clapeyron equation, which predicts pressure that a solid can exert as it cools below its melting temperature. This equation is central for topics ranging beyond glaciology to geomorphology, civil engineering, food storage, and cryopreservation. However, has inherent limitations, requiring isotropic conditions near bulk equilibrium. Here, we examine when applicable providing rigorous derivation details all assumptions. We demonstrate natural extension anisotropic stress states, show how temperature ranges validity depend on well-defined material properties. Finally, range applicability (linear) be extended adding higher-order terms, yielding results good agreement with experimental data ice.